There are a number of different artificial sweeteners. They're chemically quite different - so it's not clear that they're all bad. I dug into xylitol (one of the sugar alcohols) as it was in gum I was using to clean my teeth after meals. The whole point was that it's toxic to oral bacteria (TL;DR of its bacterial toxicity: they try to metabolize it which uses up ATP, but xylitol doesn't produce any in return so they effectively starve). I got worried about what it might be doing to my microbiome, so I dug. Surprisingly, it's associated with *positive* changes to the microbiome (some of the 'good' bacteria metabolize it successfully).

That said, there's research that shows an insulin pre-response to anything sweet, whether it ends up raising blood glucose or not. Now there's no research around this, but just from how that feedback loop works, insulin will cause insulin sensitive tissues to hoover up glucose, so that'll be low for a bit (without getting into the loops that restore it) - and assuming there's no glucose being absorbed (so a non-issue after a meal).

If you get anything with xylitol in it, remember that it's quite toxic to dogs and cats (same ATP depletion issue as with oral bacteria - but in their livers). It's not toxic to us because we can't absorb it (so no concerns about how well the kidney's getting rid of it and whether it's building up somewhere). It seems to be the only sugar alcohol not absorbed at all (by humans!)

I'm sure there are other artificial sweeteners that similarly have a net positive effect, some are the opposite.

Just my $0.02