>>Conservatives reject this approach, arguing that pro-natalist economic policies in Europe have met with only meager success.

Have they heard of this place called... France? They've had pro-natalist policies at least since the end of WWII - Like the US, they had a baby boom - but their demographics still look healthy.

FWIW, I went to school in Normandy in the 70s. I'd see a lot of couples-with-a-baby in the university dining commons. I asked, and yes there was a government stipend for students with children. Sounded pretty pro-natalist to me at the time.

For demographic pyramid, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_France